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MONGOLIA

Mongolia is a land of contrasts, where the vast, open steppes meet the towering Altai Mountains, and where traditional nomadic life endures alongside modernity. Situated in Central Asia, it is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world, with vast expanses of rugged terrain, desert, and grasslands. The Gobi Desert, one of the harshest environments on Earth, dominates the southern part of the country, while the north features lush forests and pristine rivers that flow from the Siberian wilderness.

Historically, Mongolia was the heart of the mighty Mongol Empire, which, at its zenith, spanned from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. The Mongol people have a rich heritage, with deep traditions rooted in horsemanship, shamanism, and a nomadic lifestyle that continues to this day. Despite rapid urbanization, especially in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia retains its wild, untamed character, offering travelers an exceptional blend of culture, history, and natural beauty.

Why Visit Mongolia?

Endless Steppes: Experience the vast, empty landscapes of Mongolia’s grasslands, where the sky seems endless.

Gobi Desert Adventure: Discover the dramatic dunes, ancient petroglyphs, and rare wildlife of the Gobi.

Nomadic Culture: Stay in a ger (yurt) and witness the unique lifestyle of Mongolian herders.

Mongolian Festivals: Don’t miss Naadam Festival (July), a celebration of traditional sports like wrestling, horse racing, and archery.

Historical Legacy: Visit Kharkhorin (ancient capital of the Mongol Empire) and see Erdene Zuu Monastery.

Breathtaking Scenery: From mountain ranges like the Altai to pristine lakes like Khovsgol, Mongolia offers natural beauty at every turn.

Smart Travel: Off-Season Deals & Delights

Key Advantages:

  • Lowest Prices: Flights and accommodation rates, especially in Ulaanbaatar, are at their absolute lowest. Tour operators also offer significant discounts.
  • Fewer Crowds: Major attractions, monasteries, and even the popular Gorkhi-Terelj National Park are significantly less crowded, offering a more intimate experience.
  • Authentic Local Vibe: Experience Mongolia like a local, with more opportunities to interact with residents and witness traditional nomadic life adapted to winter. You can observe or even participate in ice festivals and traditional winter activities.
  • Unique Landscapes: The vast steppes and mountains are transformed into a stunning, snow-covered wonderland. The stark beauty of winter Mongolia is truly breathtaking.
  • Winter Sports: Opportunities for ice skating on frozen rivers and lakes, dog sledding, and even some downhill skiing near Ulaanbaatar.

Main Drawbacks:

  • Extreme Cold Temperatures: Winter in Mongolia is famously cold, with temperatures often dropping below -20°C (-4°F), especially outside Ulaanbaatar. Proper winter gear is essential.
  • Shorter Days: Daylight hours are shorter, limiting sightseeing and outdoor activity time.
  • Limited Outdoor Activities (non-winter sports): Some outdoor activities like horseback riding or certain trekking routes might be restricted or require specific winter preparation.
  • Some Closures: Certain ger camps and remote tour operations may close for the deepest winter months. Road conditions can also be challenging in some areas.

Regions:

  • Ulaanbaatar: The capital city is vibrant in winter, with museums, monasteries (like Gandan Monastery), and the bustling markets. Enjoy warm Mongolian food in cozy restaurants, visit the National Museum of Mongolia, and experience the contrast of modern city life with traditional culture.
  • Gorkhi-Terelj National Park: Easily accessible from Ulaanbaatar, this park is stunning under snow. You can visit Turtle Rock, Aryabal Meditation Temple, and experience a ger stay with a warm stove. Winter activities like ice skating on the frozen river are popular.
  • Khovsgol Lake: While challenging to reach in deep winter, the frozen Khovsgol Lake (often called “Dark Blue Pearl”) offers a surreal landscape and unique ice-related activities. The annual Ice Festival in March can be a highlight.
  • Nomadic Homestays: For the truly adventurous, arrange a homestay with nomadic families to witness their resilient winter lifestyle and experience incredible hospitality.

Key Advantages:

  • Ideal Weather: Pleasant temperatures for sightseeing and outdoor activities, without the extreme heat of summer or the biting cold of winter.
  • Manageable Crowds: Tourist numbers are significantly lower than in peak summer, but attractions are fully open and vibrant.
  • Reasonable Prices: Flights and accommodation are more affordable than in summer, though slightly higher than deep winter.
  • Festivals & Events: Many vibrant local festivals and cultural events take place, particularly in spring (e.g., Nauryz in western Mongolia) and autumn (e.g., Eagle Festival in Bayan-Ulgii).
  • Blooming Landscapes (Spring) & Autumn Colors (Autumn): Enjoy the natural beauty of Mongolia’s steppes and mountains, with wildflowers in spring and golden larch forests in autumn.

Main Drawbacks:

  • Spring Dust/Mud Season: Early spring can be dusty due to strong winds, and roads can be muddy due to snowmelt, making travel to some remote areas challenging.
  • Unpredictable Weather (Spring/Autumn): Weather can change rapidly, with potential for snow even in late spring or early autumn, especially in higher elevations.
  • Autumn Hunting Season: Some areas may have active hunting during autumn, which might impact certain wildlife viewing opportunities.

Regions:

  • Gobi Desert: Spring and autumn are the best times to visit the Gobi, avoiding the intense summer heat and winter cold. Explore Flaming Cliffs, Khongor Sand Dunes, and Yol Valley (Vulture’s Mouth Gorge) in comfortable conditions.
  • Central Mongolia (Karakorum, Orkhon Valley): Discover the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire and the cultural landscape of the Orkhon Valley without the summer crowds. The weather is perfect for exploring historical sites and monasteries.
  • Western Mongolia (Altai Mountains): Autumn is particularly spectacular in the Altai Mountains, with golden larch forests and the famous Golden Eagle Festival in Bayan-Ulgii (usually early October). Spring offers opportunities for hiking and wildlife spotting as snow melts.
  • Khovsgol Lake: Accessible and beautiful in both spring and autumn, offering opportunities for hiking, kayaking (in warmer parts of the shoulder seasons), and cultural immersion around the lake. The annual Ice Festival on Khovsgol Lake (typically early March) can still be a popular event.

Mid-Summer (June-August): This is Mongolia’s peak tourist season. Prices for flights and accommodation are at their highest, and popular attractions, especially in Ulaanbaatar and the Gobi, will be crowded. While the weather is generally warm and the days are long, the value for money is significantly lower. The Naadam Festival (July 11-13) is a major draw, but it also brings the highest prices and largest crowds.

Christmas and New Year Holiday Period: While festive in Ulaanbaatar, this period sees a surge in prices, especially for flights, and higher demand for city accommodation. Many rural areas will be very cold and less accessible.

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Essential Trip Information

  • Check official visa requirements at Mongolian Immigration Agency.

  • Visa-free entry for citizens of the US, UK, Canada, and most EU nations (up to 30 days).

  • E-visa available for others (US$50–100, process time: 5–7 days).

  • Passport must be valid for 6 months beyond stay.

  • Proof of onward travel may be requested.

  • The currency used in Mongolia is the Mongolian Tugrik (MNT). USD ($1 ≈ 3,500 MNT).

  • Best Ways to Handle Currency:

    • Before Your Trip: Exchange a small amount for convenience.

    • During Your Trip: ATMs are available in cities, but cash is often preferred in rural areas.

    • What to Avoid: Exchange bureaus at airports often offer less favorable rates.

  • The official language is Mongolian.

  • English is widely spoken in Ulaanbaatar, especially in tourist areas.

  • Helpful phrases: “Sain baina uu” (Hello), “Bayarlalaa” (Thank you), “Tavtai moril” (Welcome).

  • Mongolia is generally safe for travelers, but it’s advisable to be cautious in remote areas.

  • Emergency number: 103 (ambulance), 102 (police).

  • No mandatory vaccinations, but it’s recommended to get vaccinations for Hepatitis A and B.

  • Travel insurance is advised (medical care in rural areas may be limited).

  • Pharmacies are available in Ulaanbaatar.

  • Tap water is not potable; drink bottled water.

  • Ulaanbaatar has a metro system that is under development (expect more in the future).

  • Buses and taxis are available, but private tours are a popular way to explore the countryside.

  • Horseback riding is a must-try activity, especially if exploring rural areas or the Gobi Desert.

Mongolia is generally an affordable destination, though prices can vary significantly in Ulaanbaatar compared to rural areas.

  • Accommodation:

    • Budget: Guesthouses/hostels ($20–40/night)

    • Mid-range: 3-star hotels ($50–100/night)

    • Luxury: 4-5 star hotels ($150+/night)

  • Food:

    • Quick eats: Street food ($1–5)

    • Casual dining: Restaurants ($5–15/person)

    • Fine dining: ($20–50/person)

  • Transportation:

    • Taxi: $2–5 within Ulaanbaatar.

    • Bus: $0.30–1/ride.

    • Domestic flights: $50–150 between cities.

Money-Saving Tips

  • Visit Gandan Monastery and National Museum of Mongolia (low or no entry fees).

  • Take public transportation in Ulaanbaatar for short trips.

  • Buy snacks at local markets for cheaper eats.

Explore Mongolia

ULAANBAATAR
GOBI DESERT
LAKE KHUVSGUL
GORKHI-TERELJ NATIONAL PARK
KHARKHORIN (KARAKORUM)
TSONJIN BOLDOG (GENGHIS KHAN STATUE)
BAYANZURKH MOUNTAIN
OGII LAKE
HUSTAI NATIONAL PARK
ORKHON VALLEY

Planning Your Trip

Mongolia has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters, making timing essential for a comfortable visit.

  • Summer (June–August):

    • Best: Warm, sunny, and ideal for outdoor activities (68–86°F / 20–30°C).

    • Great for exploring the Gobi Desert, trekking in the Altai Mountains, and visiting traditional Naadam festivals.

  • Fall (September–October):

    • Best: Mild weather and beautiful autumn colors (50–68°F / 10–20°C).

    • Avoid: Late October onward as temperatures can drop quickly.

  • Winter (November–March):

    • Avoid: Extremely cold temperatures (–20 to –40°F / –30 to –40°C), particularly in the Gobi Desert.

    • Tip: Winter is the off-season, but it’s perfect for a more authentic, quieter experience in Ulaanbaatar and for winter sports in the mountains.

Bold Recommendation: Visit in summer for outdoor adventures or fall for a more peaceful experience with mild weather.

  • Politics: Avoid political discussions, especially regarding Mongolia’s relationship with Russia and China.

  • Tipping: Typically 10% at restaurants and small change for hotel staff (US$1–2 per bag).

  • Dress Code: Casual for sightseeing, but dress respectfully in temples and monasteries.

  • Gift Giving: If offered food or drink, accept graciously; it’s customary to offer guests tea or milk.

  • Mongolian Greeting: A traditional handshake with a soft grip is customary.

Mongolia offers budget options, but the country can be expensive for long-distance travel outside of Ulaanbaatar.

  • Accommodation: Hostels (US$15–30), hotels (US$50–150), luxury (US$200+).

  • Food: Street food (US$3–7), casual meals (US$10–20), fine dining (US$30+).

  • Transport: Local buses (US$0.50–1), taxis (US$3–10), long-distance buses (US$5–15).

  • Activities: Nomadic family stays (~US$50–100/day), cultural experiences (~US$10–20).

Daily Budget:

  • Budget: US$50–70 (hostels, street food, local transport).

  • Mid-range: US$100–150 (comfortable hotels, meals at restaurants, guided tours).

  • Luxury: US$200+ (premium stays, private guides, luxury tours).

  • Free Wi-Fi: Available in major hotels, cafes, and some public spaces in Ulaanbaatar.

  • SIM Cards: Available for US$5–10 with 2GB–5GB data plans (best to buy at the airport or local stores).

  • eSIMs: Supported by major providers like MobiCom and Unitel.

  • Recommended for: Coverage for medical emergencies, trip delays (due to weather), and adventure activities.

  • U.S. Healthcare: Healthcare in Mongolia is limited; ensure your plan covers international emergencies.

  • Adventure Activities: Some policies exclude coverage for activities like trekking and horseback riding. Always check the fine print before booking.

Mongolia offers a wide range of accommodation, from basic guesthouses to luxury stays.

  • Luxury:

    • Blue Sky Hotel & Tower (Ulaanbaatar) – A top choice for luxury stays.

    • Shangri-La Hotel (Ulaanbaatar) – A five-star hotel with a full range of amenities.

  • Mid-range:

    • UB Guesthouse (Ulaanbaatar) – Comfortable, affordable, with a homely atmosphere.

    • Ger Camps (outside Ulaanbaatar) – Stay in traditional Mongolian yurts in the countryside.

  • Budget:

    • Guesthouses: Budget-friendly options in Ulaanbaatar and rural areas (US$20–50/night).

    • Hostels: Available in Ulaanbaatar, offering basic accommodations (US$10–20/night).

  • Unique Stays:

    • Ger Camps (nomadic-style tents) in the countryside provide an immersive Mongolian experience.

    • Nomadic family stays: For a deeper cultural immersion in the steppe.

Tip: Book in advance for stays during the Naadam Festival (July), as accommodations fill up quickly.

Mongolia is vast, and getting around requires some planning, particularly when traveling outside of Ulaanbaatar.

  • Trains:

    • The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Ulaanbaatar with Russia and China, providing scenic views.

    • Classes: 1st class (more comfortable, private cabins), 2nd class (basic but affordable).

    • Tip: Book early for long journeys, especially in summer.

  • Buses:

    • Public buses in Ulaanbaatar are cheap but crowded.

    • Long-distance buses: Typically the easiest and most affordable way to travel between cities.

    • Prices: US$5–15 depending on distance.

  • Taxis and Ride-sharing:

    • Use Yandex.Taxi or Bolt for rides in Ulaanbaatar.

    • Fare: US$3–10 for short rides within the city.

  • Rental Cars:

    • Car rentals available for self-drive tours, but the roads outside Ulaanbaatar can be rough, so it’s best to hire a driver-guide (~US$60–100/day).

  • Domestic Flights:

    • Limited routes: Flights between Ulaanbaatar and major provincial centers (e.g., Khovd, Dalanzadgad) cost around US$100–150.

Bold Recommendation: For flexibility and ease, rent a car with a driver-guide for rural adventures, and take the train for scenic journeys.

Handy Tips

Mongolia uses the Mongolian Tugrik (MNT), with bills in denominations of 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 MNT. Coins are rarely used, but you may encounter coins in values of 10, 20, and 50 MNT.

  • Exchanging Currency: Avoid exchanging money at airports for better rates. Instead, use banks or ATMs.

  • Using Cards: Major credit and debit cards (Visa, Mastercard) are accepted in large cities like Ulaanbaatar, but it’s wise to carry cash for smaller shops and rural areas.

  • Tipping Etiquette: Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated, especially in tourism-related services.

    • Restaurants: Leave 5–10% of the bill.

    • Taxis: Round up the fare.

    • Hotel Staff: 1,000–2,000 MNT per day for housekeeping.

    • Tour Guides: 5,000–10,000 MNT per day.

The official language is Mongolian. English is spoken in tourist areas, but not widely understood outside of Ulaanbaatar.

  • Helpful Phrases:

    • “How much is this?” – “Yamar une?”

    • “Where is the nearest hotel?” – “Hotsuudiin oirhan gazar haana baina?”

    • “Can I get a receipt?” – “Togsgol avah uu?”

  • Pro Tip: Basic Mongolian phrases can go a long way in rural areas. Locals appreciate the effort to speak their language.

Mongolia is generally safe, but be cautious when hiking in remote areas or during winter. Avoid walking alone late at night in Ulaanbaatar.

  • Emergency Contacts:

    • 102: Police

    • 103: Ambulance

    • 105: Fire

    • 911: General emergencies

  • Your Embassy: Ulaanbaatar has most international embassies (keep details handy).

Mongolia uses 220V, 50Hz with Type C plugs (two round pins). International travelers will need an adapter for their devices.

Tap water is not always safe to drink in rural areas. It’s best to drink bottled or filtered water. In Ulaanbaatar, tap water is generally considered safe but can have an odd taste.

Major holidays (government offices/museums close):

  • 1 Jan: New Year’s Day

  • Tsagaan Sar (Feb/Mar): Lunar New Year (3-day festival; book transport early).

  • 8 Mar: International Women’s Day

  • 11 Jul: Naadam Festival (national sports event—must-see!).

  • 26 Nov: Republic Day

  • 31 Dec: New Year’s Eve

  • Stores: Most shops open from 10:00–19:00, with smaller shops in Ulaanbaatar closing around 20:00.

  • Pharmacies: Available in most districts of Ulaanbaatar, with some 24/7 options.

  • Markets: Explore the Naran Tuul Market for a wide range of goods (open daily from 9:00–18:00).

  • Mongolian Buuz: Steamed dumplings filled with mutton or beef, a favorite among locals.

  • Khuushuur: Deep-fried meat-filled pastries, perfect for a snack.

  • Tsuivan: Stir-fried noodles with vegetables and meat, often lamb or beef.

  • Bantan: A hearty meat and vegetable stew, perfect for cold weather.

  • Mongolian Hot Pot: A communal dish with thinly sliced meats and vegetables cooked in broth at the table.

  • Shorlog: Grilled meat, usually lamb, cooked with vegetables and spices.

  • Mongolian Yogurt: A thick, tangy yogurt that’s a staple in many meals.

  • Mongolian Cheese: Often made from sheep or goat milk, it’s saltier and firmer than Western varieties.

  • Aaruul: Dried curd snacks, often enjoyed on long journeys.

  • Uud: A sweet pastry, sometimes filled with jam or honey.

Alcoholic:

  • Mongolian Vodka: Locally distilled and often enjoyed with traditional toasts.

  • Airag: Fermented mare’s milk, a traditional alcoholic drink with a sour taste.

  • Mongolian Beer: Popular local brews include Khaan and Chinggis beer.

  • Kumys: Fermented drink made from the milk of camels or yaks, popular in rural areas.

Non-Alcoholic:

  • Salty Tea (Suutei Tsai): A warm tea made with milk and salt, often consumed with meals.

  • Mongolian Milk Tea: Made with black tea, milk, and a pinch of salt, a warming and essential drink for the harsh winter.

  • Herbal Teas: Locally brewed teas made from wild herbs, often enjoyed for their healing properties.

  • Kvass: A fermented beverage made from rye bread, though mild, it’s commonly found in Mongolia.

  • Mineral Water: Often sourced from Mongolia’s pristine lakes, it’s refreshing after a long day of exploring.

  1. Genghis Khan Statue: 40m tall (50km from UB).

  2. Gandan Monastery: UB’s spiritual heart.

  3. Petroglyphs: Khogno Khan Mountain (ancient carvings).

  4. Karakhorum: Ruins of the Mongol Empire’s 13th-century capital.

  5. Shamanism: Attend rituals (ask guides respectfully).

  6. Deel (Traditional Robe): Buy/wear one for photos.

  7. Eagle Festivals: Ölgii (Oct)—Kazakh culture.

  8. Winter Festivals: Ice Festival (Khuvsgul Lake, Mar).

  9. Nomadic Life: Learn milking, herding, or felt-making.

  10. Throat Singing: Unique overtone music—see a live performance.

  • Naadam Festival: Wrestling, archery, horse racing (July).

  • Eagle Hunting: Western Mongolia (Oct–Feb).

  • Ger Stays: Sleep with nomadic families (Gobi/Orkhon Valley).

  • UB Nightlife: Grand Khaan Irish Pub or Metropolis.

  • Hot Springs: Tsenkher (Arkhangai Province).

  • Hiking: Gorkhi-Terelj National Park (near UB).

  • Camel Trekking: Gobi Desert (opt for Bactrian camels).

  • Folk Concerts: Tumen Ekh Ensemble (traditional throat singing).

  • Horseback Riding: Orkhon Valley (UNESCO site).

  • Star Gazing: Gobi Desert (minimal light pollution).

  • Guinness Pub: A popular spot in Ulaanbaatar for those craving international beers and cocktails.

  • The Beer House: A trendy bar offering craft beer and lively nightlife.

  • The Taproom: A cozy pub known for its selection of beers and hearty meals.

  • Mongolian National Theatre: For a night of cultural entertainment, watch a play or performance.

  • Sky Lounge: Ulaanbaatar’s premier rooftop bar with stunning views of the city and mountains.

  • Red Rock Bar: A popular live music venue in the capital for those seeking a fun night out.

  • Jazz Club: Enjoy live jazz performances at this intimate venue in Ulaanbaatar.

  • The Terrace: A stylish bar offering cocktails and a great atmosphere for socializing.

  • Mongolian Karaoke Bars: Singing is a favorite pastime, and there are many karaoke bars in Ulaanbaatar.

  • Night Markets: Explore the bustling night markets in Ulaanbaatar for unique local crafts and street food.

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