MONGOLIA
Mongolia, the “Land of the Eternal Blue Sky,” is a captivating nation of vast steppes, dramatic deserts, and towering mountains, where ancient nomadic traditions still thrive. Experience an unparalleled sense of freedom under endless skies.
Region: East Asia/Central Asia
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Official Language: Mongolian
Level of Travel Safety: Mongolia is considered a low-risk destination. Standard precautions for personal safety, similar to those in any major city, are recommended.
Why Visit Mongolia?
Endless Steppes: Experience the vast, empty landscapes of Mongolia’s grasslands, where the sky seems endless.
Gobi Desert Adventure: Discover the dramatic dunes, ancient petroglyphs, and rare wildlife of the Gobi.
Nomadic Culture: Stay in a ger (yurt) and witness the unique lifestyle of Mongolian herders.
Mongolian Festivals: Don’t miss Naadam Festival (July), a celebration of traditional sports like wrestling, horse racing, and archery.
Historical Legacy: Visit Kharkhorin (ancient capital of the Mongol Empire) and see Erdene Zuu Monastery.
Breathtaking Scenery: From mountain ranges like the Altai to pristine lakes like Khovsgol, Mongolia offers natural beauty at every turn.
Essential Trip Information
Visa and Entry Requirements
Check official visa requirements at Mongolian Immigration Agency.
Visa-free entry for citizens of the US, UK, Canada, and most EU nations (up to 30 days).
E-visa available for others (US$50–100, process time: 5–7 days).
Passport must be valid for 6 months beyond stay.
Proof of onward travel may be requested.
Currency
The currency used in Mongolia is the Mongolian Tugrik (MNT). USD ($1 ≈ 3,500 MNT).
Best Ways to Handle Currency:
- Before Your Trip: Exchange a small amount for convenience.
- During Your Trip: ATMs are available in cities, but cash is often preferred in rural areas.
- What to Avoid: Exchange bureaus at airports often offer less favorable rates.
Language
The official language is Mongolian.
English is widely spoken in Ulaanbaatar, especially in tourist areas.
Helpful phrases: “Sain baina uu” (Hello), “Bayarlalaa” (Thank you), “Tavtai moril” (Welcome).
Safety & Security
Mongolia is generally safe for travelers, but it’s advisable to be cautious in remote areas.
Emergency number: 103 (ambulance), 102 (police).
Health & Insurance
No mandatory vaccinations, but it’s recommended to get vaccinations for Hepatitis A and B.
Travel insurance is advised (medical care in rural areas may be limited).
Pharmacies are available in Ulaanbaatar.
Tap water is not potable; drink bottled water.
Transportation
Ulaanbaatar has a metro system that is under development (expect more in the future).
Buses and taxis are available, but private tours are a popular way to explore the countryside.
Horseback riding is a must-try activity, especially if exploring rural areas or the Gobi Desert.
Price Level
Mongolia is generally an affordable destination, though prices can vary significantly in Ulaanbaatar compared to rural areas.
Accommodation:
- Budget: Guesthouses/hostels ($20–40/night)
- Mid-range: 3-star hotels ($50–100/night)
- Luxury: 4-5 star hotels ($150+/night)
Food:
- Quick eats: Street food ($1–5)
- Casual dining: Restaurants ($5–15/person)
- Fine dining: ($20–50/person)
Transportation:
- Taxi: $2–5 within Ulaanbaatar.
- Bus: $0.30–1/ride.
- Domestic flights: $50–150 between cities.
Money-Saving Tips
- Visit Gandan Monastery and National Museum of Mongolia (low or no entry fees).
- Take public transportation in Ulaanbaatar for short trips.
- Buy snacks at local markets for cheaper eats.
Explore Mongolia
Mongolia’s bustling capital and a blend of traditional and modern. Explore Gandan Monastery, the National Museum, and experience city life before venturing into the vast countryside. It’s centrally located.
A vast and arid region in southern Mongolia, famous for its towering sand dunes, dinosaur fossil sites like the Flaming Cliffs (Bayanzag), and unique rock formations. Experience camel trekking and stay in a traditional ger.
Known as the “Blue Pearl of Mongolia,” this pristine freshwater lake in northern Mongolia is surrounded by majestic mountains and larch forests. It’s a hub for kayaking, hiking, and meeting reindeer herders.
A UNESCO World Heritage site in central Mongolia, this historical valley showcases over two millennia of nomadic pastoral traditions. Highlights include ancient Turkish monuments, the ruins of Kharakhorum, and Erdene Zuu Monastery.
Located just 40 miles (70 km) east of Ulaanbaatar, this easily accessible park offers stunning granite rock formations, alpine forests, and opportunities for horse riding and hiking. Don’t miss Turtle Rock.
In far western Mongolia, this park is home to Mongolia’s highest peaks, glaciers, and diverse wildlife. It’s a prime destination for mountaineering, trekking, and experiencing the culture of the Kazakh eagle hunters.
Situated in central Mongolia’s Arkhangai Province, this park features an extinct volcano, Khorgo, and the beautiful Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur (White Lake), formed by volcanic lava flows. It’s ideal for exploring volcanic craters and lava caves.
A monumental 131-foot (40-meter) tall stainless steel statue of Genghis Khan on horseback, located about 34 miles (54 km) east of Ulaanbaatar. Visitors can walk up to the horse’s head for panoramic views.
Located in Dundgovi Province, southern Mongolia, these dramatic, colorful limestone cliffs resemble ancient stupas. They offer incredible hiking opportunities and geological wonders, resembling a lunar landscape.
West of Ulaanbaatar, this park is dedicated to the reintroduction of the Przewalski’s horse (Takhi), the only truly wild horse species. It’s a great place for wildlife viewing and experiencing conservation efforts in central Mongolia.
Smart Travel
Key Advantages:
- Lowest Prices
- Fewer Crowds
- Authentic Local Vibe
- Winter Sports (ice festivals, dog sledding)
- Cozy Atmosphere in gers
Main Drawbacks:
- Extreme Cold Temperatures (can drop to -22ºF/-30ºC or lower)
- Shorter Days
- Limited Outdoor Activities (non-winter sports)
- Some closures of seasonal camps/routes
- Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar
Key Regions:
- Ulaanbaatar: Experience a winter city, attend cultural events, visit museums.
- Khovsgol Lake: Witness a frozen spectacle, ideal for ice skating or dog sledding.
- Western Mongolia: Opportunity to experience traditional eagle hunting festivals.
- Gobi Desert (Southern Mongolia): Still starkly beautiful, but requires extreme cold weather gear.
Key Advantages:
- Ideal Weather (milder than winter, cooler than summer peak)
- Manageable Crowds
- Reasonable Prices
- Festivals & Events (e.g., Nauryz in Spring, Golden Eagle Festival in Autumn)
- Blooming Landscapes (Spring) & Autumn Colors (Autumn)
Main Drawbacks:
- Spring Mud Season and Dust Storms
- Unpredictable Weather (Spring/Autumn can have sudden changes)
- Windy conditions, especially in Spring
- Livestock give birth in spring, so nomadic families are busy.
Key Regions:
- Terelj National Park (Near Ulaanbaatar): Enjoy scenic hikes and rock formations as nature awakens or turns golden.
- Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (Central Mongolia): Explore ancient ruins and monasteries with pleasant temperatures.
- Gobi Desert (Southern Mongolia): Comfortable for exploration before summer heat or winter cold sets in.
- Western Mongolia (Altai Mountains): Perfect for trekking and experiencing Kazakh culture, especially the Golden Eagle Festival in autumn.
- Khangai Mountains (Central Mongolia): Lush green pastures in spring, vibrant colors in autumn, ideal for horse trekking.
- Mid-Summer (June-August)
- Naadam Festival (July)
Planning Your Trip
Local Customs And Etiquette
Politics: Avoid political discussions, especially regarding Mongolia’s relationship with Russia and China.
Tipping: Typically 10% at restaurants and small change for hotel staff (US$1–2 per bag).
Dress Code: Casual for sightseeing, but dress respectfully in temples and monasteries.
Gift Giving: If offered food or drink, accept graciously; it’s customary to offer guests tea or milk.
Mongolian Greeting: A traditional handshake with a soft grip is customary.
Budgeting For Your Trip
Mongolia offers budget options, but the country can be expensive for long-distance travel outside of Ulaanbaatar.
Accommodation: Hostels (US$15–30), hotels (US$50–150), luxury (US$200+).
Food: Street food (US$3–7), casual meals (US$10–20), fine dining (US$30+).
Transport: Local buses (US$0.50–1), taxis (US$3–10), long-distance buses (US$5–15).
Activities: Nomadic family stays (~US$50–100/day), cultural experiences (~US$10–20).
Daily Budget:
Budget: US$50–70 (hostels, street food, local transport).
Mid-range: US$100–150 (comfortable hotels, meals at restaurants, guided tours).
Luxury: US$200+ (premium stays, private guides, luxury tours).
Internet & Mobile
Free Wi-Fi: Available in major hotels, cafes, and some public spaces in Ulaanbaatar.
SIM Cards: Available for US$5–10 with 2GB–5GB data plans (best to buy at the airport or local stores).
eSIMs: Supported by major providers like MobiCom and Unitel.
Travel Insurance
Recommended for: Coverage for medical emergencies, trip delays (due to weather), and adventure activities.
U.S. Healthcare: Healthcare in Mongolia is limited; ensure your plan covers international emergencies.
Adventure Activities: Some policies exclude coverage for activities like trekking and horseback riding. Always check the fine print before booking.
Accomodation Options
Mongolia offers a wide range of accommodation, from basic guesthouses to luxury stays.
Luxury:
- Blue Sky Hotel & Tower (Ulaanbaatar) – A top choice for luxury stays.
- Shangri-La Hotel (Ulaanbaatar) – A five-star hotel with a full range of amenities.
Mid-range:
- UB Guesthouse (Ulaanbaatar) – Comfortable, affordable, with a homely atmosphere.
- Ger Camps (outside Ulaanbaatar) – Stay in traditional Mongolian yurts in the countryside.
Budget:
- Guesthouses: Budget-friendly options in Ulaanbaatar and rural areas (US$20–50/night).
- Hostels: Available in Ulaanbaatar, offering basic accommodations (US$10–20/night).
Unique Stays:
- Ger Camps (nomadic-style tents) in the countryside provide an immersive Mongolian experience.
- Nomadic family stays: For a deeper cultural immersion in the steppe.
Tip: Book in advance for stays during the Naadam Festival (July), as accommodations fill up quickly.
Getting Around
Mongolia is vast, and getting around requires some planning, particularly when traveling outside of Ulaanbaatar.
Trains:
- The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Ulaanbaatar with Russia and China, providing scenic views.
- Classes: 1st class (more comfortable, private cabins), 2nd class (basic but affordable).
- Tip: Book early for long journeys, especially in summer.
Buses:
- Public buses in Ulaanbaatar are cheap but crowded.
- Long-distance buses: Typically the easiest and most affordable way to travel between cities.
- Prices: US$5–15 depending on distance.
Taxis and Ride-sharing:
- Use Yandex.Taxi or Bolt for rides in Ulaanbaatar.
- Fare: US$3–10 for short rides within the city.
Rental Cars:
- Car rentals available for self-drive tours, but the roads outside Ulaanbaatar can be rough, so it’s best to hire a driver-guide (~US$60–100/day).
Domestic Flights:
- Limited routes: Flights between Ulaanbaatar and major provincial centers (e.g., Khovd, Dalanzadgad) cost around US$100–150.
Bold Recommendation: For flexibility and ease, rent a car with a driver-guide for rural adventures, and take the train for scenic journeys.
Handy Tips
Mongolia uses the Mongolian Tugrik (MNT), with bills in denominations of 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 MNT. Coins are rarely used, but you may encounter coins in values of 10, 20, and 50 MNT.
Exchanging Currency: Avoid exchanging money at airports for better rates. Instead, use banks or ATMs.
Using Cards: Major credit and debit cards (Visa, Mastercard) are accepted in large cities like Ulaanbaatar, but it’s wise to carry cash for smaller shops and rural areas.
Tipping Etiquette: Tipping is not mandatory but appreciated, especially in tourism-related services.
Restaurants: Leave 5–10% of the bill.
Taxis: Round up the fare.
Hotel Staff: 1,000–2,000 MNT per day for housekeeping.
Tour Guides: 5,000–10,000 MNT per day.
The official language is Mongolian. English is spoken in tourist areas, but not widely understood outside of Ulaanbaatar.
Helpful Phrases:
“How much is this?” – “Yamar une?”
- “Where is the nearest hotel?” – “Hotsuudiin oirhan gazar haana baina?”
- “Can I get a receipt?” – “Togsgol avah uu?”
Pro Tip: Basic Mongolian phrases can go a long way in rural areas. Locals appreciate the effort to speak their language.
Mongolia is generally safe, but be cautious when hiking in remote areas or during winter. Avoid walking alone late at night in Ulaanbaatar.
Emergency Contacts:
- 102: Police
- 103: Ambulance
- 105: Fire
- 911: General emergencies
Your Embassy: Ulaanbaatar has most international embassies (keep details handy).
Mongolia uses 220V, 50Hz with Type C plugs (two round pins). International travelers will need an adapter for their devices.
Tap water is not always safe to drink in rural areas. It’s best to drink bottled or filtered water. In Ulaanbaatar, tap water is generally considered safe but can have an odd taste.
Major holidays (government offices/museums close):
1 Jan: New Year’s Day
Tsagaan Sar (Feb/Mar): Lunar New Year (3-day festival; book transport early).
8 Mar: International Women’s Day
11 Jul: Naadam Festival (national sports event—must-see!).
26 Nov: Republic Day
31 Dec: New Year’s Eve
Stores: Most shops open from 10:00–19:00, with smaller shops in Ulaanbaatar closing around 20:00.
Pharmacies: Available in most districts of Ulaanbaatar, with some 24/7 options.
Markets: Explore the Naran Tuul Market for a wide range of goods (open daily from 9:00–18:00).
Mongolian Buuz: Steamed dumplings filled with mutton or beef, a favorite among locals.
Khuushuur: Deep-fried meat-filled pastries, perfect for a snack.
Tsuivan: Stir-fried noodles with vegetables and meat, often lamb or beef.
Bantan: A hearty meat and vegetable stew, perfect for cold weather.
Mongolian Hot Pot: A communal dish with thinly sliced meats and vegetables cooked in broth at the table.
Shorlog: Grilled meat, usually lamb, cooked with vegetables and spices.
Mongolian Yogurt: A thick, tangy yogurt that’s a staple in many meals.
Mongolian Cheese: Often made from sheep or goat milk, it’s saltier and firmer than Western varieties.
Aaruul: Dried curd snacks, often enjoyed on long journeys.
Uud: A sweet pastry, sometimes filled with jam or honey.
Alcoholic:
Mongolian Vodka: Locally distilled and often enjoyed with traditional toasts.
Airag: Fermented mare’s milk, a traditional alcoholic drink with a sour taste.
Mongolian Beer: Popular local brews include Khaan and Chinggis beer.
Kumys: Fermented drink made from the milk of camels or yaks, popular in rural areas.
Non-Alcoholic:
Salty Tea (Suutei Tsai): A warm tea made with milk and salt, often consumed with meals.
Mongolian Milk Tea: Made with black tea, milk, and a pinch of salt, a warming and essential drink for the harsh winter.
Herbal Teas: Locally brewed teas made from wild herbs, often enjoyed for their healing properties.
Kvass: A fermented beverage made from rye bread, though mild, it’s commonly found in Mongolia.
Mineral Water: Often sourced from Mongolia’s pristine lakes, it’s refreshing after a long day of exploring.
Genghis Khan Statue: 40m tall (50km from UB).
Gandan Monastery: UB’s spiritual heart.
Petroglyphs: Khogno Khan Mountain (ancient carvings).
Karakhorum: Ruins of the Mongol Empire’s 13th-century capital.
Shamanism: Attend rituals (ask guides respectfully).
Deel (Traditional Robe): Buy/wear one for photos.
Eagle Festivals: Ölgii (Oct)—Kazakh culture.
Winter Festivals: Ice Festival (Khuvsgul Lake, Mar).
Nomadic Life: Learn milking, herding, or felt-making.
Throat Singing: Unique overtone music—see a live performance.
Naadam Festival: Wrestling, archery, horse racing (July).
Eagle Hunting: Western Mongolia (Oct–Feb).
Ger Stays: Sleep with nomadic families (Gobi/Orkhon Valley).
UB Nightlife: Grand Khaan Irish Pub or Metropolis.
Hot Springs: Tsenkher (Arkhangai Province).
Hiking: Gorkhi-Terelj National Park (near UB).
Camel Trekking: Gobi Desert (opt for Bactrian camels).
Folk Concerts: Tumen Ekh Ensemble (traditional throat singing).
Horseback Riding: Orkhon Valley (UNESCO site).
Star Gazing: Gobi Desert (minimal light pollution).
Guinness Pub: A popular spot in Ulaanbaatar for those craving international beers and cocktails.
The Beer House: A trendy bar offering craft beer and lively nightlife.
The Taproom: A cozy pub known for its selection of beers and hearty meals.
Mongolian National Theatre: For a night of cultural entertainment, watch a play or performance.
Sky Lounge: Ulaanbaatar’s premier rooftop bar with stunning views of the city and mountains.
Red Rock Bar: A popular live music venue in the capital for those seeking a fun night out.
Jazz Club: Enjoy live jazz performances at this intimate venue in Ulaanbaatar.
The Terrace: A stylish bar offering cocktails and a great atmosphere for socializing.
Mongolian Karaoke Bars: Singing is a favorite pastime, and there are many karaoke bars in Ulaanbaatar.
Night Markets: Explore the bustling night markets in Ulaanbaatar for unique local crafts and street food.