ETHIOPIA
Ethiopia, the ancient “Roof of Africa,” is a land of dramatic highlands and the historic cradle of humanity. Uniquely uncolonized, its rich tapestry weaves together ancient Christian traditions, vibrant cultures, and stunning natural landscapes, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains.
Region: Eastern Africa (Horn of Africa)
Capital: Addis Ababa
Official Language: Amharic
Level of Travel Safety: AVOID NON-ESSENTIAL TRAVEL to Ethiopia due to civil unrest, violence, armed conflict, and crime. Exercise a high degree of caution in Addis Ababa due to crime and the risk of demonstrations. The security situation can deteriorate rapidly.
Why Visit Ethiopia?
Rich History: Explore ancient ruins like the Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela or the Aksumite ruins.
Stunning Landscapes: The Simien Mountains National Park offers trekking opportunities amid dramatic cliffs and valleys.
Ethiopian Coffee: Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee – experience traditional coffee ceremonies.
Cultural Diversity: Ethiopia is home to over 80 ethnic groups, each with unique traditions, languages, and customs.
Unique Architecture: The UNESCO World Heritage sites of Lalibela and Gondar showcase Ethiopia’s unique religious and royal architecture.
Wildlife: Visit national parks like the Omo Valley, home to unique wildlife such as baboons, elephants, and birds of prey.
Essential Trip Information
Visa and Entry Requirements
Tourist Visa: Most travelers require a visa to enter Ethiopia. Check eligibility and apply via the Ethiopian Immigration Portal.
Validity: Passports must be valid for at least 6 months beyond your date of entry.
Required Documentation: You may be asked to provide proof of return or onward travel and sufficient funds for your stay.
Visa Fee: The standard tourist visa fee is approximately US$52 for a 30-day stay.
Currency
Currency: The Ethiopian Birr (ETB) is the official currency.
Banknotes: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 200 Birr.
Coins: 1, 5, and 10 cents.
Best Ways to Handle Currency
Before Your Trip: Exchange a small amount of Birr before departure. ATMs are widely available, especially in Addis Ababa, offering competitive exchange rates.
During Your Trip: Use ATMs or local exchange offices for better rates. International credit cards are accepted in major hotels, shops, and restaurants, but it’s advisable to carry cash for smaller vendors.
What to Avoid: Avoid exchanging money at hotels or tourist areas, as they tend to offer less favorable rates.
Language
Official Language: Amharic, though English is widely spoken in cities and tourist areas.
Helpful phrases:
- “Selam” (Hello)
- “Amesegenallo” (Thank you)
- “Yemihonew?” (How are you?)
Safety & Security
General Safety: Ethiopia is relatively safe, but be cautious in certain areas due to political instability or civil unrest.
Petty Crime: Pickpockets can be an issue in crowded places such as markets or tourist sites, so stay vigilant.
Emergency Number: 911 is the emergency number for police and ambulances.
Health & Insurance
Vaccinations: Recommended vaccinations include Hepatitis A & B, Typhoid, and Yellow Fever.
Travel Insurance: It’s essential to have travel insurance to cover medical emergencies, as healthcare facilities may be basic in rural areas.
Water: Tap water is not recommended for drinking. Bottled water is readily available.
Transportation
Air Travel: Ethiopia is served by Ethiopian Airlines, which operates numerous flights domestically and internationally.
Taxis: Reliable taxis are available in larger cities, though they may not always use meters, so agree on a price in advance.
Buses: Intercity buses are a cheap and reliable option for travel between cities.
Walking/Biking: Addis Ababa is walkable, but walking outside the city can be challenging due to uneven roads.
Price Level
Ethiopia offers a diverse range of price levels for travelers, from budget to luxury experiences.
Accommodation
Budget: Guesthouses and hostels ($30–60/night)
Mid-range: 3-star hotels ($70–120/night)
Luxury: 5-star hotels ($150+/night)
Food
Quick eats: Street food and local cafés ($3–7)
Casual dining: Local restaurants ($8–15)
Fine dining: Upscale dining ($20–50)
Drinks
Beer: Local beers like St. George range from US$2–4 (bars), US$1–2 (supermarkets)
Coffee: A traditional Ethiopian coffee can cost US$2–5
Transportation
Public Transport: Local buses are very cheap, but taxis (especially those with a local guide) are more convenient for sightseeing ($3–10 per ride).
Taxis: Expect to pay US$8–15 for a short ride in Addis Ababa.
Car Rentals: Renting a car can cost US$30–50 per day, with or without a driver.
Money-Saving Tips
Use local public transport where available to cut costs.
Shop at local markets for souvenirs and goods.
Avoid touristy restaurants and opt for local eateries for an authentic and affordable meal.
Explore Ethiopia
Located in the Amhara region of northern Ethiopia, this UNESCO World Heritage site is famous for its eleven monolithic rock-hewn churches, carved directly out of living rock in the 12th century. These incredible structures are still active places of worship, offering a profound spiritual experience.
Situated in the Amhara region, north of Gondar, this spectacular UNESCO World Heritage site boasts dramatic mountain peaks, deep valleys, and unique wildlife like the Gelada baboon and the Ethiopian wolf. It’s a paradise for trekkers, offering breathtaking panoramic views.
Found in the northern Tigray region, Aksum was the ancient capital of the Aksumite Kingdom, a powerful trading empire. It’s a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its towering obelisks, ancient ruins, and is believed to be the resting place of the Ark of the Covenant.
Known as the “Camelot of Africa,” Gondar is located in the Amhara region, north of Lake Tana. This historic city is famous for its 17th-century royal enclosure, Fasil Ghebbi, a UNESCO World Heritage site featuring impressive castles and palaces built by various emperors.
Located in the Afar region of northeastern Ethiopia, this geological wonderland is one of the hottest places on Earth. It offers otherworldly landscapes of colorful hydrothermal fields, salt flats, and active volcanoes like Erta Ale, providing an extreme and unforgettable adventure.
This ancient walled city, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is located in eastern Ethiopia. Considered the fourth holiest city of Islam, Harar is a maze of narrow alleyways, vibrant markets, and over 80 mosques. It’s also famous for its hyena men who feed wild hyenas by hand.
Lake Tana, the largest lake in Ethiopia, is in the Amhara region, source of the Blue Nile River. Its islands house ancient monasteries and churches dating back centuries. The nearby Blue Nile Falls, or Tis Abay, offer a stunning natural spectacle, especially after the rainy season.
Located in southwestern Ethiopia, this remote and ethnically diverse region is home to numerous indigenous tribes, including the Mursi, Hamer, Karo, and Dassanech. Visiting offers a unique opportunity to witness traditional ways of life and ancient customs.
The vibrant capital city, situated in the central highlands, serves as Ethiopia’s political and economic heart. Explore the National Museum of Ethiopia, home to “Lucy,” the Holy Trinity Cathedral, and bustling markets like Mercato, the largest open-air market in Africa.
Found in the Oromia region of southeastern Ethiopia, this national park is a biodiversity hotspot. It features diverse landscapes from afro-alpine moorland to Harenna Forest and is crucial for endemic species like the Ethiopian wolf and the Mountain Nyala.
Smart Travel
Key Advantages:
- Lowest Prices
- Fewer Crowds
- Lush, Green Landscapes
- Waterfalls are at their fullest
- Dramatic skies for photography
Main Drawbacks:
- Heavy Rainfall (especially July and August)
- Hot and Humid in lower elevations (up to 113°F / 45°C in Afar)
- Limited Outdoor Activities (some roads may become impassable, particularly for trekking)
- Increased Mosquito Activity
- Some remote lodges or areas may be inaccessible
Key Regions:
- Highlands (Addis Ababa, Lalibela, Gondar): While it rains, showers are often intermittent, allowing for exploration of historical sites in cooler temperatures (around 66°F / 19°C).
- Bale Mountains National Park: The landscapes are incredibly green, and some unique flora flourishes, though tracking wildlife might be harder.
- Lake Tana: The Blue Nile Falls are at their most impressive due to increased water flow.
- Southern Omo Valley: While it can rain, the cultural experiences remain strong, though road conditions may be challenging.
Key Advantages:
- Ideal Weather (pleasant temperatures, reduced humidity)
- Manageable Crowds
- Reasonable Prices
- Festivals & Events (e.g., Meskel in September, Enkutatash in September)
- Blooming Landscapes (post-rains)
Main Drawbacks:
- Unpredictable Weather (especially April-May with “short rains”)
- Wildlife viewing might not be as concentrated as the peak dry season
- October can still have some lingering showers
Key Regions:
- Highlands (Lalibela, Gondar, Aksum, Simien Mountains): Excellent for trekking and historical site visits with comfortable temperatures (around 68°F / 20°C).
- Danakil Depression: Temperatures are slightly less extreme than the peak hot season, making it more bearable for expeditions (around 104°F / 40°C in October).
- Rift Valley Lakes: Good for birdwatching as the landscapes green up after the main rains, and temperatures are pleasant.
- Harar: The walled city is vibrant, and the weather is generally favorable for exploring its alleyways.
- Bega (Main Dry Season) (January – February)
- Major Festivals: Timkat (January), Ethiopian Christmas (January 7)
- School Holidays: European and North American winter breaks
Planning Your Trip
Local Customs And Etiquette
Politics: Ethiopia has a diverse and proud culture. Avoid sensitive political discussions.
Tipping: Generally, a 10% tip is appreciated in restaurants. A few dollars per bag for hotel porters.
Dress Code: Modest dress is recommended, particularly in religious or rural areas. Comfortable clothes for trekking.
Museum Behavior: Respectful silence in religious and cultural sites, such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela.
Greetings: Ethiopians often greet by shaking hands and may inquire about your health (Selamtena), which is customary.
Budgeting For Your Trip
Accommodation: Budget (~US$15–30), Mid-range (~US$50–120), Luxury (~US$150+).
Food: Street food (~US$3–5), Mid-range meals (~US$10–20), Fine dining (~US$30+).
Transport: Local buses (~US$1–5), taxis (~US$5–15), domestic flights (~US$50–150).
Activities: Tours to historical sites (~US$10–30), trekking and excursions (~US$50–100).
Daily Budget:
Budget: ~US$30–50 (guesthouses, street food, public transport).
Mid-range: ~US$70–150 (hotels, meals at mid-range restaurants, tours).
Luxury: ~US$200+ (luxury stays, private tours, upscale dining).
Internet & Mobile
Free Wi-Fi: Available in major hotels, cafes, and some public areas in Addis Ababa.
SIM Cards: Available at the airport or local stores (US$5–10 for 1GB data).
eSIMs: Supported by major providers, such as Safaricom and Ethio Telecom.
Travel Insurance
Recommended for: Medical coverage, especially for remote areas and trekking.
U.S. Healthcare: Health care in rural areas is limited—ensure your plan covers emergencies.
Adventure Activities: If planning hikes or visiting remote sites, check your policy covers high-altitude trekking or activities like rafting in the Blue Nile.
Accomodation Options
Ethiopia offers various accommodation choices ranging from budget guesthouses to luxury resorts.
Luxury:
- Addis Ababa: Sheraton Addis, Radisson Blu.
- Bahir Dar: Blue Nile Resort (lakefront views).
Mid-range:
- Lalibela: Tukul Village Hotel (Ethiopian style cottages).
- Gondar: Goha Hotel (mountain view).
Budget:
- Guesthouses: ~US$15–30/night (Addis Ababa, Lalibela).
- Hostels: Yeka Hotel (Addis Ababa), ~US$10–20/night.
Unique Stays:
- Rock-hewn Churches in Lalibela: Stay in a traditional guesthouse near the UNESCO-listed sites.
- Lake Tana: Stay on a floating hotel for a unique experience.
Tip: Book early in peak season (October–March), especially for the Timkat Festival period.
Getting Around
Transport options range from flights to local buses and taxis. Some regions are challenging to access, so plan accordingly.
Domestic Flights:
- Addis Ababa to regional cities (Bahir Dar, Lalibela, Gondar): Available (US$50–150).
- Tip: Use Ethiopian Airlines for extensive domestic flight coverage.
Buses:
- Public buses: Cheap (US$1–5) but can be crowded and slow.
- Private minivans: Comfortable for long distances but can be chaotic.
Taxis:
- Addis Ababa: Standard taxis (US$5–15 for short rides). Ride-hailing apps like ZayRide are popular for urban areas.
Car Rentals:
- Self-driving in rural areas is challenging due to poor road conditions. Rent with a driver (~US$40–80/day).
Local Transport:
- Bajaj (three-wheeled tuk-tuks) for short trips in cities. Prices are negotiable (US$1–3).
Bold Recommendation: Consider domestic flights for distant destinations and renting a driver for flexibility, especially in rural areas.
Handy Tips
Ethiopia uses the Ethiopian Birr (ETB). Bills commonly come in 10, 50, 100, and 200 denominations; coins (known as “santim”) are rarely used.
Exchanging Currency: Avoid exchanging at hotels or airports—use ATMs or authorized forex bureaus in major cities like Addis Ababa for better rates.
Using Cards: Credit/debit cards (Visa and Mastercard) are accepted at upscale hotels, airlines, and some restaurants in big cities. Always carry cash in rural areas or markets.
Tipping Etiquette: Not mandatory but appreciated.
Restaurants: Round up or leave 10% for good service.
Hotels: US$1–2 for porters; US$2–4/day for housekeeping.
Guides: US$5–10 per person/day.
Drivers: US$3–5 per day.
Amharic is the official language, but English is widely spoken in urban areas and by those in the tourism industry.
Useful phrases in Amharic:
“Selam” – Hello
“Amesegenallo” – Thank you
“Sint new?” – How much is it?
Pro Tip: In rural areas, communication may be limited—carry a translation app or guidebook if venturing outside cities.
Ethiopia is generally safe for travelers, especially in tourist zones. Exercise caution in large crowds, avoid demonstrations, and check current travel advisories.
Emergency Contacts:
- 991: Police
- 907: Fire
- 922: Ambulance
- Your Embassy: Embassies are primarily located in Addis Ababa.
Avoid walking alone late at night, particularly in unfamiliar urban districts or after dark in rural areas.
Ethiopia uses 220V/50Hz power with Type C, E, and F plugs (European-style two round pins).
Bring a universal adapter. Voltage converters may be needed for high-powered appliances from the U.S.
Tap water is not safe to drink. Always opt for sealed bottled water or use a UV purifier or filtration system. Avoid ice unless confirmed to be from purified water.
Restaurants typically serve bottled water—request it specifically.
Major national holidays in Ethiopia follow both the Gregorian and Ethiopian Orthodox calendar. Some holidays shift due to lunar cycles.
7 Jan: Ethiopian Christmas (Genna)
19 Jan: Timket (Epiphany—famous water processions)
2 Mar: Victory of Adwa
5 May: Patriots’ Victory Day
20 Jul (variable): Eid al-Adha (public holiday)
11 Sep: Ethiopian New Year (Enkutatash)
27 Sep: Meskel (Finding of the True Cross)
Note: During holidays, banks and government offices may close. Religious festivals can be incredible cultural experiences.
Stores: Typically open 8:00–20:00, Monday to Saturday. Some smaller shops may close during lunch or on Sundays.
Markets: Open early; best explored before noon (e.g., Merkato in Addis Ababa—one of Africa’s largest open-air markets).
Pharmacies: Open until 18:00–19:00; some 24/7 options in Addis.
Injera: Spongy sourdough flatbread made from teff, served with nearly every meal.
Doro Wat: Spicy chicken stew with boiled eggs, Ethiopia’s national dish.
Tibs: Sautéed beef or lamb cubes with onions and peppers—served sizzling hot.
Kitfo: Seasoned minced beef, often served raw or lightly cooked (leb leb), traditionally with kocho (false banana bread).
Shiro: Thick chickpea stew, creamy and comforting, especially for vegetarians.
Gomen: Collard greens sautéed with garlic, often accompanying meat dishes.
Chechebsa: Breakfast favorite—shredded flatbread fried in spiced butter and berbere.
Genfo: A barley porridge topped with spiced butter and berbere, eaten for breakfast.
Atayef: Mini stuffed pancakes, often filled with honey and nuts.
Himbasha: Slightly sweet celebratory bread, lightly spiced with cardamom.
Tella Bread Pudding: Made from leftover flatbread and sweetened with honey or fruit.
Alcoholic:
Tej: Traditional honey wine—fermented, golden, and slightly fizzy; served in a rounded glass flask called a berele.
Tella: Homebrewed barley or maize beer—mild, smoky, and often served at local houses (tej bet).
Ethiopian Wine: Locally grown wines like Rift Valley Merlot or Acacia Chardonnay—aromatic and light.
Bedele Beer: Crisp lager from western Ethiopia.
St. George Beer: National favorite—light, smooth, and widely available.
Habesha Beer: Young, fresh lager with modern branding and traditional roots.
Walia Beer: Clean and mellow beer brewed in Mekelle, ideal for a hot afternoon.
Non-Alcoholic:
Bunna (Coffee): The pride of Ethiopia. Enjoy it in a traditional coffee ceremony with incense and popcorn.
Spiced Tea (Shaï): Black tea brewed with cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom—served sweet.
T’ej Bessa: Non-alcoholic version of tej—sweet honey drink with a slight tang.
Beso: Barley drink consumed hot or cold, packed with nutrients.
Ambo: Naturally carbonated mineral water from volcanic springs—effervescent and refreshing.
Lalibela: Rock-hewn churches carved into mountain stone—UNESCO World Heritage.
Axum: Ancient obelisks and the rumored Ark of the Covenant.
Gondar: Castles and churches from the Ethiopian Empire’s royal past.
Debre Damo Monastery: Accessible only by rope climb—men only allowed.
Tigray Churches: Cliffside churches with dramatic views.
Timket Festival: Annual epiphany celebration with colorful processions and holy water splashing.
Meskel Square: Main plaza in Addis, focal point for national celebrations.
Mercato Market: Africa’s largest open-air market—organized chaos at its finest.
Religious Diversity: Ethiopia is one of the oldest Christian nations but also home to Islamic cities like Harar.
Coffee Origins: The coffee plant originated in Ethiopia’s Kaffa region—cultural pride.
Traditional Dance Shows: At restaurants like Yod Abyssinia in Addis Ababa.
Coffee Ceremonies: Cultural must-do; many guesthouses will offer one.
Entoto Hills Hiking: Scenic overlook above Addis with churches and museums.
National Museum: Home of Lucy, the famous early hominid fossil.
Lake Tana Boat Ride: Visit 14th-century island monasteries.
Blue Nile Falls (Tis Issat): Powerful cascade near Bahir Dar.
Simien Mountains Trekking: See Gelada baboons and stunning highland views.
Harar Night Hyena Feeding: Brave locals feed hyenas by mouth—spectacular to witness.
Danakil Depression: Harsh yet hypnotic desert landscapes—one of the hottest places on Earth.
Local Music Clubs: Try Fendika Cultural Center for live traditional and fusion music.
Mama’s Kitchen: Restaurant-bar with live music and a strong tej selection.
Tomoca Coffee Lounge: Trendy coffee house by day, lounge vibe by night.
Jams Addis: Afrobeat and jazz bar popular with locals and expats.
Club H2O: Stylish nightclub with modern Ethiopian tunes and cocktails.
Gaslight Club: One of Addis’s oldest—classic bar scene and eclectic crowd.
Friendship Lounge: Tej bet meets cocktail bar—unique drinks with honey-wine bases.
Fendika Bar: Cultural hotspot for local brews, storytelling, and dance.
Hilton Pool Bar: Chic drinks under palm trees, a splash of luxury in the city.
Bole Area Bars: A whole district buzzing with trendy spots and shisha lounges.
Totot Traditional Restaurant: Music, food, drinks—the full Ethiopian night out experience.