TURKMENISTAN

Welcome to Turkmenistan! A land where ancient Silk Road history meets futuristic marble cities. This Central Asian jewel, largely covered by the vast Karakum Desert, offers a truly unique travel experience, blending rich nomadic traditions with grand, often surreal, modern architecture.

Region: Central Asia

Capital: Ashgabat

Official Language: Turkmen

Level of Travel Safety: Exercise a high degree of caution. While violent crime is low, be aware of strict government surveillance and restrictions, especially on photography and discussions of sensitive topics. Border areas require special permits.

Map of Asia with Turkmenistan highlighted

Why Visit Turkmenistan?

The Door to Hell: Witness the surreal glow of the Darvaza Gas Crater, a fiery pit in the middle of the Karakum Desert.

Ashgabat’s Marble Grandeur: The capital boasts Guinness World Record levels of white marble buildings and futuristic monuments.

Silk Road Legacy: Explore the ancient ruins of Merv, one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, once a major Silk Road hub.

Cityscape with modern buildings and statues

Unique Nomadic Culture: Experience the rich traditions of the Turkmen people, from vibrant horse festivals to intricate carpet weaving.

Karakum Desert Adventures: Embark on a desert safari, discovering hidden oases and diverse wildlife in this vast, captivating landscape.

Kow Ata Underground Lake: Take a dip in the warm, mineral-rich waters of this subterranean lake, nestled within a natural cave.

Meat grilling on skewers

Essential Trip Information

Turkmenistan has strict visa policies, and nearly all nationalities must obtain a visa in advance.

Most tourists require a Letter of Invitation (LOI) from a Turkmen travel agency.

Visa on arrival is only available under special circumstances and requires prior approval.

Transit visas (up to 5 days) are available but not guaranteed.

Passports must be valid for at least 6 months from your date of entry.

Expect to be asked for your accommodation bookings, proof of funds, and travel itinerary upon entry.

Check the official State Migration Service site: https://migration.gov.tm/en

The national currency is the Turkmenistan Manat (TMT).

Best Ways to Handle Currency

  • Before Your Trip: Bring clean, new US$ notes; change some at airports or hotels.
  • During Your Trip: Use local banks or authorized exchange offices; ATMs are unreliable outside Ashgabat.
  • Credit cards are not widely accepted—carry sufficient cash in US$ and exchange as needed.
  • Avoid unofficial exchangers (illegal and risky).

Turkmen is the official language. Russian is also widely spoken, especially in Ashgabat and among older generations.

Helpful phrases in Turkmen: “Salam” (Hello), “Sag bol” (Thank you), “Haýsy ýer…?” (Where is…?), “Nähili?” (How much?).

Turkmenistan is generally safe with low crime rates, but always exercise caution.

Be aware of your surroundings, especially in crowded markets.

Do not photograph government buildings or military installations.

Emergency number: 03 (Ambulance), 01 (Fire), 02 (Police).

No special vaccinations are required for entry, but routine vaccinations (MMR, DPT, Polio) are recommended. Consult your doctor for advice on Hepatitis A, B, and Typhoid.

Travel insurance is highly recommended, as medical facilities may be limited outside of Ashgabat.

Pharmacies are available in larger cities. Tap water is generally not safe to drink; drink bottled water.

Internal flights: Turkmenistan Airlines operates domestic flights between major cities (e.g., Ashgabat, Turkmenbashi, Dashoguz).

Trains: A limited train network connects some cities, but can be slow.

Taxis: Widely available in cities; negotiate the fare before starting your journey.

Organized Tours: For most tourists, transportation will be arranged by your tour operator as part of your itinerary, often using private vehicles.

Turkmenistan can be moderate to expensive for tourists, largely due to visa requirements and the need for guided tours.

Accommodation

  • Budget: Guesthouses (limited options, may be part of tour package)
  • Mid-range: 3-star hotels (US$70–150/night)
  • Luxury: 4-5 star hotels (US$150+/night)

Food

  • Quick eats: Local cafes/canteens (US$5–10)
  • Casual dining: US$15–30/person
  • Fine dining (mainly in Ashgabat): US$40+/person

Drinks

  • Beer: US$2–5 (restaurants/bars), US$1–2 (supermarkets)
  • Soft drinks: US$1–3

Transportation

  • Local taxis within cities: US$2–10 per ride (negotiate fare)
  • Intercity travel (arranged by tour): Varies widely
  • Public transport (buses, trolleybuses in Ashgabat): Less than US$1

Money-Saving Tips

  • Opt for group tours to share costs of transport and guides.
  • Eat at local “chaykhanas” (teahouses) or small cafes for authentic and affordable meals.
  • Negotiate prices when taking unofficial taxis or buying souvenirs in markets.

Explore Turkmenistan

A constantly burning natural gas crater in the middle of the Karakum Desert. This awe-inspiring fiery spectacle is best viewed at night. It is located roughly halfway between Ashgabat and Koneurgench in the central Karakum Desert.

The gleaming, white-marble capital city is a truly unique sight. Known for its extravagant architecture, golden statues, and spacious avenues, it feels like a city from the future. Located in the south-central part of the country, near the Kopet Dag mountains.

Another UNESCO World Heritage Site, this ancient city was once the capital of the Khwarezmian Empire and is home to impressive monuments including mausoleums and the towering Kutlug Timur Minaret. It is situated in northern Turkmenistan, near the border with Uzbekistan.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Merv was once a major oasis-city on the Silk Road and one of the largest cities in the world. Its extensive ruins offer a glimpse into various historical periods. Located in the Mary Province, in the southeastern part of Turkmenistan.

Often called Turkmenistan’s Grand Canyon, this vibrant geological formation features stunning red, pink, and yellow rock cliffs carved by wind and water. It’s a breathtaking natural wonder in western Turkmenistan, near the Balkan Province.

The ruins of the ancient city of Nisa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, were once the capital of the Parthian Empire. Archaeological excavations reveal well-preserved remains of fortifications and royal residences. It’s located just west of Ashgabat.

 A rapidly developing resort area on the Caspian Sea coast, featuring modern hotels, beaches, and recreational facilities. It’s envisioned as a major international tourist destination. Located on the western coast of Turkmenistan, near the city of Turkmenbashi.

 A natural underground thermal lake with mineral-rich water, located inside a cave. Visitors can swim in its warm, sulfurous waters. It is found about 60 miles (100 km) west of Ashgabat.lour, sugar, and sometimes nuts.

A bustling, vibrant open-air market on the outskirts of Ashgabat, known for its extensive array of goods, particularly the famous Turkmen carpets, silks, and traditional crafts. It offers an authentic local experience

Turkmenistan is renowned for its magnificent Akhal-Teke horses, a national symbol. Visiting a horse farm provides an opportunity to see these beautiful, ancient breeds up close and learn about their significance. Several farms are located near Ashgabat.

Smart Travel

Key Advantages:

  • Lowest Prices
  • Fewer Crowds
  • Authentic Local Vibe
  • Cozy Atmosphere
  • Mild Desert Winters (in some areas)

Main Drawbacks:

  • Cold Temperatures (especially in the north and mountains)
  • Shorter Days
  • Limited Outdoor Activities (e.g., trekking)
  • Some closures (e.g., certain desert camps)

Key Regions:

  • Ashgabat: Experience the capital’s unique architecture and museums without the summer heat.
  • Mary: Explore the ancient city of Merv, which might offer a more serene experience.
  • Turkmenbashi (Caspian Sea Coast): Milder temperatures by the sea, though still cool.

Key Advantages:

  • Ideal Weather
  • Manageable Crowds
  • Reasonable Prices
  • Festivals & Events (e.g., Nowruz in Spring)
  • Blooming Landscapes (Spring) & Comfortable Exploration (Autumn)

Main Drawbacks:

  • Spring Mud Season (in some unpaved areas)
  • Unpredictable Weather (can have sudden changes)
  • Desert can still be hot (especially late May/early September)

Key Regions:

  • Darvaza Gas Crater: Perfect temperatures for an overnight desert experience.
  • Yangykala Canyon: Stunning geological formations best viewed in mild weather.
  • Kone Urgench: Explore ancient Silk Road ruins comfortably.
  • Kopetdag Mountains: Ideal for trekking and enjoying the blooming nature or autumn colors.
  • Ashgabat: Pleasant weather for city sightseeing and outdoor activities.
  • Mid-Summer (June-August)
  • Temperatures can soar above 104ºF (40ºC), even exceeding 122ºF (50ºC) in the desert.
  • Some areas, particularly the desert, become very challenging for outdoor activities.

Planning Your Trip

Religion & Conservatism: Turkmenistan is Muslim-majority but relatively secular. Dress modestly, especially outside Ashgabat.

Photography: Do not photograph government buildings, military, police, or checkpoints.

Tipping: Not mandatory but appreciated – 5–10% in restaurants, ~US$1–2 for hotel staff.

Greetings: Handshakes are common among men. Always use the right hand when giving/receiving.

Behavior: Avoid political discussions, especially about the president. The country is tightly controlled.

Hospitality: Guests are treated with great respect – it’s polite to accept tea and snacks when offered.

Accommodation:

  • Budget: US$20–40
  • Mid-range: US$50–80
  • Luxury: US$100–200+

Food:

  • Local cafes (chaikhanas): US$3–7 for pilaf, kebabs, soups.
  • Sit-down restaurants: US$10–25.
  • Hotel dining: US$30+ per person.

Transport:

  • Trains: US$5–20 per trip.
  • Domestic flights: US$30–50.
  • Car with driver: ~US$70/day.

Activities:

  • Entrance fees: US$2–10 (e.g., Merv, Nisa).
  • Tours (Darvaza, Yangykala): US$50–150/day with transport.

Daily Budget:

  • Budget: US$60–90 (shared taxis, local meals, budget hotels).
  • Mid-range: US$130–180 (private tours, guesthouses, restaurant dining).
  • Luxury: US$250+ (private driver, top hotels, organized excursions).

Free Wi-Fi: Rare and often slow. Found in luxury hotels and a few cafes in Ashgabat.

SIM Cards: Altyn Asyr (state-run) – limited to residents or arranged through tour operators. Don’t expect international roaming to work.

eSIMs: Not supported. Use offline maps and translation apps.

Tip: Download key info before you arrive. Access to many websites (e.g., social media, news) is restricted.

Highly recommended: Healthcare is basic and travelers are required to show proof of insurance for visa approval.

Emergency care: Limited; Ashgabat has some private clinics, but serious cases may need evacuation.

Adventure coverage: Required for camping trips to Darvaza or mountain trekking.

Bold Recommendation: Ensure your travel insurance covers evacuation and includes a certificate for visa application.

Turkmenistan’s tourism industry is state-controlled but has a growing variety of hotels and guesthouses.

Luxury:

  • Ashgabat: Yyldyz Hotel (5-star, skyline views), Oguzkent (Kempinski-run, international standard).
  • Avaza: High-end seaside resorts on the Caspian coast.

Mid-range:

  • Mary Hotel (near Merv ruins), Hotel Dashoguz.
  • Private guesthouses increasingly available (~US$40–60/night).

Budget:

  • Hostels are limited. Budget hotels in Ashgabat or shared accommodation (~US$20–35/night).
  • Local homestays possible in rural areas (arrange through guides).

Unique Stays:

  • Darvaza Camping: Basic yurts or tents near the burning gas crater (~US$25–50, often part of tour).
  • Mountain villages: Homestays in Köýtendag or Nokhur with traditional family meals.

Tip: Book via tour operators or local agencies as many hotels aren’t listed online. Some hotels require local sponsorship or permits.

Infrastructure is developing, and distances between sites can be vast. Planning ahead is key.

Trains:

  • Inexpensive and scenic across desert landscapes; routes include Ashgabat–Mary–Turkmenabat.
  • Slow but reliable; 1st class sleepers recommended for long routes (US$5–20).
  • Book at least a day in advance; English may not be spoken.

Buses and Shared Taxis:

  • Marshrutkas (minibuses) are common between towns, cheap (US$1–10) but crowded.
  • Shared taxis are faster, more expensive (US$10–50), and require negotiation.

Domestic Flights:

  • Flights connect Ashgabat with Mary, Dashoguz, and Turkmenbashi (~US$30–50).
  • Turkmenistan Airlines is state-run and punctual; ID/passport required even for domestic travel.

Car with Driver:

  • Recommended for flexibility; especially for reaching remote sites like Darvaza or Yangykala Canyon.
  • Expect ~US$60–100/day including fuel.

Self-driving:

  • Not advised due to road conditions, checkpoints, and lack of signage.

Bold Recommendation: Hire a local driver or use domestic flights for long distances; trains offer scenic and affordable options for overland travel.

Handy Tips

Turkmenistan uses the Turkmenistani Manat (TMT). As of 2025, 1 US$ ≈ 3.5 TMT (subject to black-market variations).

  • Exchanging Currency: Avoid airport kiosks. Use official bank branches in Ashgabat or hotel exchange desks. Black-market rates are tempting but illegal and risky.

  • Using Cards: Cash is king. Credit/debit cards (Visa, Mastercard) are rarely accepted, even in cities. Bring small USD bills to exchange.

  • Tipping Etiquette: Tipping is not customary, but appreciated in tourism settings:

    • Restaurants: 5–10%

    • Taxis: Round up the fare

    • Hotel Porters: US$1 per bag

    • Guides/Drivers: US$5–10/day

Turkmen is the official language. Russian is widely understood, especially in urban areas. English is rarely spoken, even in tourist spots.

Helpful phrases:

  • “Salam!” – Hello

  • “Bu näçe?” – How much is this?

  • “Sag boluň” – Thank you

  • “Iň ýakyn bank nirede?” – Where’s the nearest bank?

Pro Tip: A translation app or a Turkmen phrasebook is highly recommended for navigating outside Ashgabat.

Turkmenistan is very safe for tourists, with low petty crime, but it’s a highly controlled society—avoid discussing politics or photographing government buildings.

Emergency Numbers:

  • 03: Ambulance
  • 01: Fire
  • 02: Police

Keep a copy of your passport and visa with you at all times—police checks are common.

Turkmenistan uses 220V/50Hz with Type C and F plugs (European-style two round pins).

Bring a universal adapter. Most electronics will not need a voltage converter.

Tap water in Turkmenistan is not safe to drink.

Stick to bottled water, even in hotels.

Avoid ice in drinks unless you’re sure it’s filtered.

Most shops and museums close on public holidays. Plan around:

  • Jan 1: New Year’s Day

  • Mar 8: International Women’s Day

  • Mar 21: Nowruz (Spring Festival) – major celebrations

  • May 9: Victory Day

  • Oct 6: Memorial Day (Earthquake Remembrance)

  • Oct 27–28: Independence Day – national festivities

  • Dec 12: Neutrality Day

Note: Islamic holidays like Eid al-Fitr shift yearly (check calendar).

Shops: 09:00–20:00 (daily, some closed on Sundays)

Supermarkets: Larger ones open until 22:00

Bazaars: Open daily but best visited in the morning (e.g., Altyn Asyr Bazaar)

Pharmacies: Typically 09:00–19:00

Plov: A staple dish of rice, tender meat (often lamb or beef), carrots, and onions, often cooked with chickpeas and dried fruit. A must-try!

Shashlyk: Skewered and grilled meat (lamb, beef, or chicken), similar to kebabs. Widely available and delicious.

Döwme: A hearty soup made with lamb, vegetables, and small pieces of dough.

Gutap: Thin flatbreads filled with various ingredients such as pumpkin, spinach, meat, or potatoes, then baked or fried.

Manty: Large, steamed dumplings typically filled with minced meat and onions.

Dogroma: A traditional dish made with lamb or camel meat, rice, and vegetables, often cooked in a tandoor oven.

Ichlekli: A large, savory pie filled with meat and onions, baked in a tandoor oven.

Chorek: Traditional Turkmen bread, often baked in a tandoor, with beautiful patterns on top.

Gatlama: Fried dough often served with honey or jam.

Halva: A sweet confection made from tahini (sesame paste) or flour, sugar, and sometimes nuts.

Alcoholic Drinks

  • Vodka: Russian influence remains strong—expect vodka at celebrations.

  • Arak: Local grape-based spirit—strong and not for the faint-hearted.

  • Turkmen Beer: Brands like Berk or Zip are common; light lagers dominate.

  • Imported Wines: Limited and expensive—Georgian or Russian wines occasionally found.

  • Homemade Wines: Occasionally offered in rural homes—drink with caution.

Non-Alcoholic Drinks

  • Chay (Tea): Green or black tea served with every meal, and in homes as a welcome gesture.

  • Ayran: Cold, salted yogurt drink popular in summer.

  • Compote: Fruit drink made from dried fruits—often homemade.

  • Mineral Water: Popular brands include Agzybirlik and Sarysu.

  • Melon Juice: Available in season (July–September)—a sweet and refreshing local treat.

Nisa Ruins: UNESCO-listed site with Parthian Empire relics.

Darvaza Gas Crater: Known as the “Door to Hell”—a fiery pit in the desert, burning for decades.

Kunya-Urgench: Mausoleums and minarets from ancient Khorezm—another UNESCO gem.

Ashgabat Architecture: White marble palaces, golden domes, and bizarre monuments (like the Neutrality Arch).

Traditional Music: Listen for dutar and ghijak instruments in rural performances.

Yurt Villages: Experience nomadic life near the desert—some offer overnight stays.

Turkmen Attire: Bold, embroidered dresses for women and telpeks (sheepskin hats) for men.

Melon Day: Yes, it’s real (August)—celebrating Turkmenistan’s melons with feasts and fairs.

Carpet Weaving: Visit rural communities where women pass down generations-old techniques.

Akhal-Teke Horses: Sleek, golden-coated horses—prized for endurance and grace.

Ashgabat Ferris Wheel: World’s largest indoor Ferris wheel—quirky and photo-worthy.

National Museum of Turkmenistan: Stunning artifacts, from Silk Road to Soviet era.

Altyn Asyr Bazaar: One of Central Asia’s largest markets—great for spices and rugs.

Turkmen Carpet Museum: See the world’s largest handwoven carpet (really!).

Horse Shows: Attend a Akhal-Teke horse performance—national pride on display.

Cable Car in Ashgabat: For panoramic views of the city and surrounding hills.

Gekdepe Mosque: Stunning white-marble mosque just outside the capital.

Traditional Weddings: If invited, don’t miss this—music, dancing, and huge feasts.

Desert Stargazing: Karakum nights are quiet, dark, and perfect for stars.

Ashgabat Night Drive: The city glows with white marble and neon—like a ghostly Vegas.

Ashgabat Opera and Ballet Theatre: Classical performances in Russian and Turkmen.

Alp Arslan Park: Great for walks, paddleboats, and outdoor cafes.

Yyldyz Hotel Rooftop Bar: Best views of Ashgabat—dress nicely.

Salkyn Café: Popular evening spot with shisha and local eats.

Mirapol Cinema: For a local movie experience (mostly in Russian).

Elken Sports Complex: Offers swimming, bowling, and billiards.

Disco Bars in Hotels: Mostly for locals and expats—check Nissa Hotel or Grand Turkmen Hotel.

Ashgabat Circus: Family-friendly and culturally vibrant.

Live Music at “Berkarar Mall”: Seasonal concerts and events.

Desert Campfires: Arrange a night tour to the Karakum—food, dance, and starry skies.